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…ene, the mobilisation of poorly armed villagers and exaggerated claims by ARSA's leadership and Myanmar's military. Particular attention is given to the timing of the attacks immediately after the Kofi Annan Commission's final report, the military's prior preparations and Rohingya concerns about pos…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the attacks of 9 October 2016, Myanmar's military launched clearance operations in Rohingya-inhabited areas of northern Arakan. This chapter examines the deployment of security forces, military command structures, village encirclement, coercive searches and the extension of military author…
Open in Rohipedia →Malaysia has begun returning Myanmar nationals under an agreement that could eventually include thousands of Rohingya, despite continuing war and serious human-rights risks in Myanmar. This article examines the dangers facing Rohingya returnees, including conflict in Arakan, abuses by competing arme…
Open in Rohipedia →Summary Myanmar's 7 November 2010 general election marked one of the last major periods of formal Rohingya political participation. Rohingya voted, contested constituencies through several parties and won seats in Union and Rakhine State legislatures despite continuing citizenship insecurity and dis…
Open in Rohipedia →The year 2012 marked a decisive escalation in the persecution of the Rohingya, transforming decades of exclusion and anti-Rohingya mobilization into mass violence, destruction and displacement. Rohingya sources maintain that the violence was not spontaneous but developed from a longer campaign by R…
Open in Rohipedia →…enger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier criminal case in Ramree. Contemporary evidence shows that inflamma…
Open in Rohipedia →On 8 June 2012, violence erupted in Maungdaw after Friday prayers amid intense anger over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence ag…
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictio…
Open in Rohipedia →In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim vio…
Open in Rohipedia →… of the 969 movement and the wider monastic networks that enabled the movement to spread across Myanmar. It documents his earlier anti-Muslim activism, imprisonment, position at Masoeyein Monastery, and the roles of other monks and religious networks, showing that 969 was broader than a movement bui…
Open in Rohipedia →A profile of Ata Ullah, leader of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), examining his background, armed mobilisation, documented abuses against Rohingya refugees and arrest in Bangladesh. It considers allegations of military collaboration, overseas funding and criminal networks. The article ce…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identif…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →…traditions of Buddhist nationalism and anti-Muslim sentiment but acquired new prominence during Myanmar's political transition and the crisis that followed the 2012 violence in Arakan State. This chapter traces the religious meaning of the 969 symbol, the movement's ideological roots, the growth of …
Open in Rohipedia →Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the 9 October 2016 attacks on Myanmar border police posts, the emergence of Harakah al-Yaqin under Ata Ullah, and the concerns raised by Rohingya critics about the timing and consequences of the operation. Particular attention is given to the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission, Mya…
Open in Rohipedia →…tion of Rohingya villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the destruction of homes, mosques, schools, agricultural property…
Open in Rohipedia →…dus from Arakan to Bangladesh between August and December 2017, when hundreds of thousands fled Myanmar's military campaign. Drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, refugee surveys and contemporary humanitarian documentation, it reconstructs the journeys from Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rat…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines how Rohingya survivors and community researchers preserved evidence of the 2017 genocide following their displacement to Bangladesh. Drawing on Rohingya-led documentation, refugee surveys, medical investigations, eyewitness interviews and international fact-finding reports, it…
Open in Rohipedia →By the end of 2012, approximately 140,000 people had been displaced by the violence in Arakan State, overwhelmingly Rohingya and other Muslims. For the Rohingya, the consequences extended far beyond physical displacement: established communities had been destroyed or emptied, access to homes, land,…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the exclusion of Rohingya candidates before Myanmar’s 2015 election, including disputed citizenship findings, inadequate appeals, pressure on Rohingya political parties and contemporary responses from Rohingya organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →…tary command structure, combat divisions, battalion deployments and operational planning behind Myanmar's 2017 campaign against Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, military documentation and international investigations, it identifies senior commanders,…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how trafficking networks confined Rohingya aboard vessels, in border camps and in holding houses, using violence and telephone calls to extract ransom from relatives. Survivor accounts reveal abduction, deprivation, sexual exploitation and failures of official protection.
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how Rohingya households encountered rejected identity answers, interrupted interviews and pressure during the 2014 census. Community testimony, journalistic reporting and independent observers show how residents willing to identify as Rohingya were left uncounted.
Open in Rohipedia →Between October and November 2016, Myanmar military operations devastated Rohingya villages across Maungdaw Township. Satellite investigations documented at least 1,500 destroyed buildings, while Rohingya survivors described soldiers burning homes, destroying markets, looting property and attacking …
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter reconstructs the first five days of Myanmar's military campaign against Rohingya communities, from 25 to 29 August 2017, through a village-by-village chronology of attacks in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, contemporary community …
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Myanmar’s November 2015 election from the Rohingya perspective, documenting exclusion on election day, community protests, the parliamentary results and the hope and scepticism expressed by Rohingya residents and organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Reconstructs the May 2015 emergency through Rohingya survivor accounts, contemporary appeals and eyewitness reporting. Documents abandonment, boat turnbacks, deaths at sea, passengers’ efforts to help one another and rescues by Acehnese fishermen.
Open in Rohipedia →…ence, arbitrary arrests, torture and disappearances committed against Rohingya civilians during Myanmar's military operations in northern Arakan between October and December 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and investigations by the United Nations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, it…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Chut Pyin massacre of 27 August 2017 in Rathedaung Township, northern Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, forensic medical examinations and independent investigations. It examines the killing and disappearance of villagers, sexual violence against women and girls…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the transfer of power to Myanmar’s NLD-led government in early 2016 through Rohingya demands for recognition, dialogue, protection and restored rights. Documents continuing restrictions, Shwe Maung’s testimony and joint Rohingya organisational responses to the government’s first decisions.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the 2013 attacks on Muslim communities in Meiktila, Bago Region, Okkan, Lashio, Kanbalu and Thandwe. Drawing on survivor testimony, satellite evidence and human-rights investigations, it documents civilian killings, destruction, displacement, failures of protection and evidence linking nat…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Harakah al-Yaqin’s developing organisation in northern Arakan around the end of 2015, alongside Rohingya accounts of intimidation and official nonintervention. Distinguishes published research, contributor-supplied testimony and allegations of military collaboration.
Open in Rohipedia →Following the military operations of October 2016, Myanmar authorities severely restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists and…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Tula Toli (Min Gyi) massacre of 30 August 2017 in Maungdaw Township, Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, contemporary investigations and satellite evidence. It reconstructs the systematic killing of civilians trapped along the riverbank, sexual violence against w…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines international funding and endorsement of Myanmar’s 2014 census, diplomatic objections to Rohingya exclusion, demands for withdrawal and an inquiry, and subsequent assessments of UNFPA and donor responsibility.
Open in Rohipedia →Documents Rohingya survivors’ lives after the 2015 maritime crisis, including shelter conditions, confinement, family separation and reunification efforts. Examines prolonged detention, barriers to reporting abuse and unresolved displacement through survivor accounts and Rohingya organisations’ inv…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the transition from 969 to Ma Ba Tha, its campaign for the four “race and religion protection” laws, and its influence on the 2015 election and Rohingya political exclusion. It also documents opposition from Rohingya and women’s rights organizations and the movement’s reorganization after …
Open in Rohipedia →…ents the flight of tens of thousands of Rohingya from northern Arakan into Bangladesh following Myanmar's military operations of October 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and contemporary international investigations, it examines dangerous border crossings, Bangladeshi pushbacks, family separation…
Open in Rohipedia →… Din massacre of September 2017, focusing on the detention and execution of ten Rohingya men by Myanmar soldiers and participating local armed civilians. Drawing on Rohingya family testimony, photographic evidence and Reuters' investigative reporting, it reconstructs the killings, Myanmar's subseque…
Open in Rohipedia →This concluding chapter of Part 18 examines the international investigations, Myanmar's official denials and the failure to establish accountability following the 2016 military operations against the Rohingya. It analyses the government's investigative commissions, the United Nations Human Rights Co…
Open in Rohipedia →…gya community's list of 75 reported victims and survivor estimates of 300–400 deaths, alongside Myanmar's official denial, conflicting casualty figures and subsequent military proceedings. The chapter highlights the importance of Rohingya evidence in establishing the historical record and pursuing a…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in …
Open in Rohipedia →…ead sexual violence, deliberate killing of Rohingya children and destruction of families during Myanmar's 2017 military campaign across northern Arakan. Drawing primarily on Rohingya survivor testimony, human rights investigations and United Nations findings, it analyses recurring patterns of rape a…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing a…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, co…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic securi…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into a system of segregation and confinement. This chapter examines President Thein Sein's July 2012 proposal to place Rohingya under UNHCR responsibility and seek their transfer to third countries, the parallel demand…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model villa…
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the 1978–1979 repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh following Operation Nagamin. The article examines international pressure, the 9 July 1978 agreement, UNHCR involvement, deteriorating camp conditions, hunger and deaths, pressure on refugees to return, and whether rep…
Open in Rohipedia →In June 2012, violence engulfed Akyab/Sittwe, the capital of Arakan State, killing civilians, destroying homes and displacing both Muslim and Rakhine communities. The destruction of Narzi, the city's largest Muslim neighbourhood, became one of the defining episodes of the violence. Thousands of Roh…
Open in Rohipedia →The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful p…
Open in Rohipedia →A Myanmar military airstrike struck the India Market and Kissapanadi Bridge area in Kyauktaw, Arakan, on 28 September 2026, killing at least 33 people and injuring 36. Rohingya community sources reported substantially higher casualties, but those figures remain under verification.
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →