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This chapter examines the Great Rohingya Exodus from Arakan to Bangladesh between August and December 2017, when hundreds of thousands fled Myanmar's military campaign. Drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, refugee surveys and contemporary humanitarian documentation, it reconstructs th…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 6 documents the flight of tens of thousands of Rohingya from northern Arakan into Bangladesh following Myanmar's military operations of October 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and contemporary international investigations, it examines dangerous border crossings, Bangladeshi pushbacks, fa…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the conditions faced by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh after the 1978 Nagamin exodus, including overcrowding, hunger, disease and pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohin…
Open in Rohipedia →…exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its significance in the longer history of Ro…
Open in Rohipedia →The year 2012 marked a decisive escalation in the persecution of the Rohingya, transforming decades of exclusion and anti-Rohingya mobilization into mass violence, destruction and displacement. Rohingya sources maintain that the violence was not spontaneous but developed from a longer campaign by R…
Open in Rohipedia →On 3 June 2012, ten Muslim travellers were pulled from a passenger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier crim…
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictio…
Open in Rohipedia →…g his background, armed mobilisation, documented abuses against Rohingya refugees and arrest in Bangladesh. It considers allegations of military collaboration, overseas funding and criminal networks. The article centres Rohingya survivors and the targeting of independent community leadership.
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identif…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the emergence of Ata Ullah's armed organisation in northern Arakan from late 2015 and the coordinated attacks of 25 August 2017. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness accounts and independent investigations, it examines allegations of criminal activities, military intelligence aw…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the 9 October 2016 attacks on Myanmar border police posts, the emergence of Harakah al-Yaqin under Ata Ullah, and the concerns raised by Rohingya critics about the timing and consequences of the operation. Particular attention is given to the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission, My…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the widespread burning and destruction of Rohingya villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the des…
Open in Rohipedia →…d community researchers preserved evidence of the 2017 genocide following their displacement to Bangladesh. Drawing on Rohingya-led documentation, refugee surveys, medical investigations, eyewitness interviews and international fact-finding reports, it explores the collection of testimony, identific…
Open in Rohipedia →By the end of 2012, approximately 140,000 people had been displaced by the violence in Arakan State, overwhelmingly Rohingya and other Muslims. For the Rohingya, the consequences extended far beyond physical displacement: established communities had been destroyed or emptied, access to homes, land,…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how trafficking networks confined Rohingya aboard vessels, in border camps and in holding houses, using violence and telephone calls to extract ransom from relatives. Survivor accounts reveal abduction, deprivation, sexual exploitation and failures of official protection.
Open in Rohipedia →Documents the discovery of trafficking camps and graves in southern Thailand and Malaysia in 2015, Rohingya organisations’ responses, and the investigations that followed. Examines earlier official knowledge of Wang Kelian, damaged evidence, delayed exhumations and threats against investigators and…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter reconstructs the first five days of Myanmar's military campaign against Rohingya communities, from 25 to 29 August 2017, through a village-by-village chronology of attacks in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, contemporary community…
Open in Rohipedia →Reconstructs the May 2015 emergency through Rohingya survivor accounts, contemporary appeals and eyewitness reporting. Documents abandonment, boat turnbacks, deaths at sea, passengers’ efforts to help one another and rescues by Acehnese fishermen.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4 documents killings, sexual violence, arbitrary arrests, torture and disappearances committed against Rohingya civilians during Myanmar's military operations in northern Arakan between October and December 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and investigations by the United Nations, Amnest…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Chut Pyin massacre of 27 August 2017 in Rathedaung Township, northern Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, forensic medical examinations and independent investigations. It examines the killing and disappearance of villagers, sexual violence against women and girls…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the military operations of October 2016, Myanmar authorities severely restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists an…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Tula Toli (Min Gyi) massacre of 30 August 2017 in Maungdaw Township, Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, contemporary investigations and satellite evidence. It reconstructs the systematic killing of civilians trapped along the riverbank, sexual violence against w…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents Rohingya survivors’ lives after the 2015 maritime crisis, including shelter conditions, confinement, family separation and reunification efforts. Examines prolonged detention, barriers to reporting abuse and unresolved displacement through survivor accounts and Rohingya organisations’ inv…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the Inn Din massacre of September 2017, focusing on the detention and execution of ten Rohingya men by Myanmar soldiers and participating local armed civilians. Drawing on Rohingya family testimony, photographic evidence and Reuters' investigative reporting, it reconstruct…
Open in Rohipedia →This concluding chapter of Part 18 examines the international investigations, Myanmar's official denials and the failure to establish accountability following the 2016 military operations against the Rohingya. It analyses the government's investigative commissions, the United Nations Human Rights C…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the Gu Dar Pyin massacre of 27–28 August 2017 in Buthidaung Township, Arakan, drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, survivor-recorded videos and community documentation. It examines the killing and disappearance of civilians, the discovery of at least five su…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in …
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the widespread sexual violence, deliberate killing of Rohingya children and destruction of families during Myanmar's 2017 military campaign across northern Arakan. Drawing primarily on Rohingya survivor testimony, human rights investigations and United Nations findings, it ana…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing a…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, co…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic secur…
Open in Rohipedia →…nal Registration Certificates, and the political vulnerability that preceded the mass exodus to Bangladesh.
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model vill…
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the 1978–1979 repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh following Operation Nagamin. The article examines international pressure, the 9 July 1978 agreement, UNHCR involvement, deteriorating camp conditions, hunger and deaths, pressure on refugees to return, and whether repa…
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces…
Open in Rohipedia →The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Myanmar's political opening beginning in 2011 expanded political organization, media activity and ethnic nationalist mobilization in Arakan. During this period, anti-Rohingya narratives portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increas…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the June 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into an institutionalized system of separation. President Thein Sein proposed placing Rohingya under UNHCR administration or resettling them abroad, while Rakhine nationalist politicians, organizations and some Bu…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines how the 969 movement spread anti-Muslim nationalism through religious sermons, Buddhist symbolism, stickers, pamphlets, recorded speeches, DVDs and social media. It documents how narratives portraying Muslims as a demographic, religious and cultural threat were repeatedly circ…
Open in Rohipedia →An overview of Islam among the Rohingya, including its historical development in Arakan, Sunni and Hanafi traditions, mosques, religious education, religious leadership, family practices and the role of religion in Rohingya community life.
Open in Rohipedia →Malaysia has begun returning Myanmar nationals under an agreement that could eventually include thousands of Rohingya, despite continuing war and serious human-rights risks in Myanmar. This article examines the dangers facing Rohingya returnees, including conflict in Arakan, abuses by competing arm…
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya families in Jammu, India, have again been left without secure shelter after authorities demolished huts in Rahim Nagar on 3 October 2026. The incident highlights the continuing vulnerability of Rohingya refugees who cannot safely return to Arakan yet face insecurity and repeated displaceme…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with indepe…
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