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Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →…rn shore of the Bay of Bengal in western Myanmar. Its geography is defined by a long coastline, river valleys, islands, coastal plains and the Arakan Yoma, also known as the Rakhine Yoma, which forms a major mountain barrier between the coastal region and the interior of Myanmar. To the west, Arakan…
Open in Rohipedia →The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful pl…
Open in Rohipedia →The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the conditions faced by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh after the 1978 Nagamin exodus, including overcrowding, hunger, disease and pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohi…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with indepe…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the mass Rohingya exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its sig…
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictio…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catas…
Open in Rohipedia →Ba Saw Phyu, also known in the Muslim/Persianate royal tradition as Kalima Shah, was the third ruler of the Mrauk-U dynasty of Arakan, reigning from 1459 to 1482. His reign is particularly significant for the expansion of Mrauk-U and for coinage bearing the Islamic kalima, an important material rec…
Open in Rohipedia →…onstructs the journeys from Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung, dangerous crossings of the Naf River and Bay of Bengal, deaths during flight and the separation of families. It further documents the rapid expansion of Kutupalong–Balukhali and other refugee settlements in Cox's Bazar, the humanitaria…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter reconstructs the first five days of Myanmar's military campaign against Rohingya communities, from 25 to 29 August 2017, through a village-by-village chronology of attacks in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, contemporary community…
Open in Rohipedia →…s and satellite evidence. It reconstructs the systematic killing of civilians trapped along the riverbank, sexual violence against women and girls, the murder of children, the burning of houses containing victims and the reported destruction of human remains. Particular attention is given to named R…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 6 documents the flight of tens of thousands of Rohingya from northern Arakan into Bangladesh following Myanmar's military operations of October 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and contemporary international investigations, it examines dangerous border crossings, Bangladeshi pushbacks, f…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in …
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing a…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, co…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the origins of Operation Nagamin (Dragon King) in 1978 and the transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registrat…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model vill…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the 1978–1979 repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh following Operation Nagamin. The article examines international pressure, the 9 July 1978 agreement, UNHCR involvement, deteriorating camp conditions, hunger and deaths, pressure on refugees to return, and whether rep…
Open in Rohipedia →A Myanmar military airstrike struck the India Market and Kissapanadi Bridge area in Kyauktaw, Arakan, on 28 September 2026, killing at least 33 people and injuring 36. Rohingya community sources reported substantially higher casualties, but those figures remain under verification.
Open in Rohipedia →Meng Khari, also known as Min Khayi and by the Muslim/Persianate royal name Ali Khan, was the second ruler of the Mrauk-U kingdom of Arakan. He succeeded Min Saw Mon in 1433 and consolidated the newly established Mrauk-U kingdom during a reign lasting until 1459.
Open in Rohipedia →Narameikhla, better known as Min Saw Mon and in Muslim/Persianate historical tradition as Solaiman Shah, was the founder of the Mrauk-U dynasty and one of the most consequential rulers in the history of Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →…l Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces the shift from political participation toward military control, immigration scrutiny an…
Open in Rohipedia →In late October 2012, a second and geographically wider wave of violence struck Rohingya and other Muslim communities across Arakan. Attacks affected nine townships, including Mrauk-U, Minbya, Myebon, Pauktaw, Kyaukphyu, Ramree, Kyauktaw and Rathedaung. Rohingya testimony described large armed grou…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination from the Rohingya perspective of Burma's 1982 Citizenship Law and its role in transforming decades of political exclusion into a more durable system of legal statelessness. The article examines the national-races framework, the 1823 ancestry threshold, citizenship categories, Rohingy…
Open in Rohipedia →The concluding article of the 1978 Operation Nagamin series examines its lasting consequences for the Rohingya: mass expulsion, weakened citizenship security, documentary vulnerability, the survival of the illegal-immigrant narrative and repatriation without restoration of political rights. It trac…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the implementation of Operation Nagamin in Rohingya communities of northern Arakan in 1978, including citizenship inspections, arrests, intimidation, reported killings and sexual violence, document-related abuses and the spreading fear that drove large numbers of Rohingya toward B…
Open in Rohipedia →…writer who became the first Prime Minister of independent Burma. His government established the Mayu Frontier Administration in northern Arakan in 1961.
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