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Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic securi…
Open in Rohipedia →…ity and seek their transfer to third countries, the parallel demands for separation promoted by Rakhine nationalist organizations, tightening government restrictions, and the transformation of displacement camps into a long-term system restricting Rohingya return, movement and access to ordinary soc…
Open in Rohipedia →…atives portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increasingly entered public politics, publications and community networks. This article examines the transition from institutional exclusion toward organized social and political mobiliza…
Open in Rohipedia →… sources maintain that the violence was not spontaneous but developed from a longer campaign by Rakhine nationalist and extremist networks, particularly as Rohingya political participation in the 2010 election challenged efforts to portray them simply as foreign “Bengalis.” The immediate crisis bega…
Open in Rohipedia →On 3 June 2012, ten Muslim travellers were pulled from a passenger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier crimi…
Open in Rohipedia →… over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence against Muslims as the confrontation escalated. Later independent investigations docume…
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictio…
Open in Rohipedia →In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim vio…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catas…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identif…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the emergence of Ata Ullah's armed organisation in northern Arakan from late 2015 and the coordinated attacks of 25 August 2017. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness accounts and independent investigations, it examines allegations of criminal activities, military intelligence aw…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →The 969 movement emerged from older traditions of Buddhist nationalism and anti-Muslim sentiment but acquired new prominence during Myanmar's political transition and the crisis that followed the 2012 violence in Arakan State. This chapter traces the religious meaning of the 969 symbol, the movemen…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the widespread burning and destruction of Rohingya villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the des…
Open in Rohipedia →After the October 2012 attacks, the surviving Rohingya of Sittwe and surrounding areas were packed into dozens of barbed-wire camps on the town’s outskirts. Roughly 75,000 Rohingya had lived in Sittwe before 2012; within weeks most were displaced into **caged IDP camps**. Tens of thousands more fle…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines how Rohingya survivors and community researchers preserved evidence of the 2017 genocide following their displacement to Bangladesh. Drawing on Rohingya-led documentation, refugee surveys, medical investigations, eyewitness interviews and international fact-finding reports, it…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the March 2014 campaign against recording Rohingya identity, attacks on humanitarian organizations in Sittwe, and the government’s decision to exclude households identifying as Rohingya from the census.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the exclusion of Rohingya candidates before Myanmar’s 2015 election, including disputed citizenship findings, inadequate appeals, pressure on Rohingya political parties and contemporary responses from Rohingya organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how Rohingya households encountered rejected identity answers, interrupted interviews and pressure during the 2014 census. Community testimony, journalistic reporting and independent observers show how residents willing to identify as Rohingya were left uncounted.
Open in Rohipedia →…t Yoe Pyin, Dar Gyi Zar and surrounding settlements, including documented allegations of ethnic Rakhine civilian participation alongside security forces and the consequences for Rohingya displacement and land ownership.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Myanmar’s November 2015 election from the Rohingya perspective, documenting exclusion on election day, community protests, the parliamentary results and the hope and scepticism expressed by Rohingya residents and organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Chut Pyin massacre of 27 August 2017 in Rathedaung Township, northern Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, forensic medical examinations and independent investigations. It examines the killing and disappearance of villagers, sexual violence against women and girls…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the 2013 attacks on Muslim communities in Meiktila, Bago Region, Okkan, Lashio, Kanbalu and Thandwe. Drawing on survivor testimony, satellite evidence and human-rights investigations, it documents civilian killings, destruction, displacement, failures of protection and evidence linking nat…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the military operations of October 2016, Myanmar authorities severely restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists an…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter documents the Tula Toli (Min Gyi) massacre of 30 August 2017 in Maungdaw Township, Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, contemporary investigations and satellite evidence. It reconstructs the systematic killing of civilians trapped along the riverbank, sexual violence against w…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines international funding and endorsement of Myanmar’s 2014 census, diplomatic objections to Rohingya exclusion, demands for withdrawal and an inquiry, and subsequent assessments of UNFPA and donor responsibility.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the Inn Din massacre of September 2017, focusing on the detention and execution of ten Rohingya men by Myanmar soldiers and participating local armed civilians. Drawing on Rohingya family testimony, photographic evidence and Reuters' investigative reporting, it reconstruct…
Open in Rohipedia →This concluding chapter of Part 18 examines the international investigations, Myanmar's official denials and the failure to establish accountability following the 2016 military operations against the Rohingya. It analyses the government's investigative commissions, the United Nations Human Rights C…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter investigates the Gu Dar Pyin massacre of 27–28 August 2017 in Buthidaung Township, Arakan, drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, survivor-recorded videos and community documentation. It examines the killing and disappearance of civilians, the discovery of at least five su…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in …
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the widespread sexual violence, deliberate killing of Rohingya children and destruction of families during Myanmar's 2017 military campaign across northern Arakan. Drawing primarily on Rohingya survivor testimony, human rights investigations and United Nations findings, it ana…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing a…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, com…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the origins of Operation Nagamin (Dragon King) in 1978 and the transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registrat…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model vill…
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →…the capital of Arakan State, killing civilians, destroying homes and displacing both Muslim and Rakhine communities. The destruction of Narzi, the city's largest Muslim neighbourhood, became one of the defining episodes of the violence. Thousands of Rohingya and other Muslims were driven from establ…
Open in Rohipedia →The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful p…
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →Meng Khari, also known as Min Khayi and by the Muslim/Persianate royal name Ali Khan, was the second ruler of the Mrauk-U kingdom of Arakan. He succeeded Min Saw Mon in 1433 and consolidated the newly established Mrauk-U kingdom during a reign lasting until 1459.
Open in Rohipedia →Narameikhla, better known as Min Saw Mon and in Muslim/Persianate historical tradition as Solaiman Shah, was the founder of the Mrauk-U dynasty and one of the most consequential rulers in the history of Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces…
Open in Rohipedia →In late October 2012, a second and geographically wider wave of violence struck Rohingya and other Muslim communities across Arakan. Attacks affected nine townships, including Mrauk-U, Minbya, Myebon, Pauktaw, Kyaukphyu, Ramree, Kyauktaw and Rathedaung. Rohingya testimony described large armed grou…
Open in Rohipedia →The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →…hein Sein proposed placing Rohingya under UNHCR administration or resettling them abroad, while Rakhine nationalist politicians, organizations and some Buddhist monastic networks promoted physical, social and economic separation. Movement restrictions, opposition to Rohingya return, humanitarian dep…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the conditions faced by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh after the 1978 Nagamin exodus, including overcrowding, hunger, disease and pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohi…
Open in Rohipedia →Malaysia has begun returning Myanmar nationals under an agreement that could eventually include thousands of Rohingya, despite continuing war and serious human-rights risks in Myanmar. This article examines the dangers facing Rohingya returnees, including conflict in Arakan, abuses by competing arm…
Open in Rohipedia →…on. Rohingya voted, contested constituencies through several parties and won seats in Union and Rakhine State legislatures despite continuing citizenship insecurity and discrimination. The election exposed a central contradiction: Myanmar's political system sought and counted Rohingya votes while co…
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