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An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces …
Open in Rohipedia →…ole in transforming decades of political exclusion into a more durable system of legal statelessness. The article examines the national-races framework, the 1823 ancestry threshold, citizenship categories, Rohingya NRC documentation, Ne Win's justification for the law and the consequences for a comm…
Open in Rohipedia →… transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registration Certificates, and the political vulnerability that preceded the mass exodus t…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model villa…
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Summary Myanmar's 7 November 2010 general election marked one of the last major periods of formal Rohingya political participation. Rohingya voted, contested constituencies through several parties and won seats in Union and Rakhine State legislatures despite continuing citizenship insecurity and dis…
Open in Rohipedia →On 3 June 2012, ten Muslim travellers were pulled from a passenger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier crimi…
Open in Rohipedia →On 8 June 2012, violence erupted in Maungdaw after Friday prayers amid intense anger over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence aga…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic securi…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into a system of segregation and confinement. This chapter examines President Thein Sein's July 2012 proposal to place Rohingya under UNHCR responsibility and seek their transfer to third countries, the parallel demands…
Open in Rohipedia →South African jurist Navanethem “Navi” Pillay has been awarded the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her lifelong contributions to international justice, human rights and accountability for mass atrocities. A former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and international criminal …
Open in Rohipedia →…s portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increasingly entered public politics, publications and community networks. This article examines the transition from institutional exclusion toward organized social and political mobilization …
Open in Rohipedia →Following the June 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into an institutionalized system of separation. President Thein Sein proposed placing Rohingya under UNHCR administration or resettling them abroad, while Rakhine nationalist politicians, organizations and some Bud…
Open in Rohipedia →…d pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohingya testimony alongside contemporary UNHCR and later human-rights documentation.
Open in Rohipedia →…f Rohingya, despite continuing war and serious human-rights risks in Myanmar. This article examines the dangers facing Rohingya returnees, including conflict in Arakan, abuses by competing armed forces, forced recruitment, uncertain citizenship and the absence of guarantees for safe return to their …
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restriction…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how trafficking networks confined Rohingya aboard vessels, in border camps and in holding houses, using violence and telephone calls to extract ransom from relatives. Survivor accounts reveal abduction, deprivation, sexual exploitation and failures of official protection.
Open in Rohipedia →…ructs the May 2015 emergency through Rohingya survivor accounts, contemporary appeals and eyewitness reporting. Documents abandonment, boat turnbacks, deaths at sea, passengers’ efforts to help one another and rescues by Acehnese fishermen.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing an…
Open in Rohipedia →In June 2012, violence engulfed Akyab/Sittwe, the capital of Arakan State, killing civilians, destroying homes and displacing both Muslim and Rakhine communities. The destruction of Narzi, the city's largest Muslim neighbourhood, became one of the defining episodes of the violence. Thousands of Rohi…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines separately the conduct of Myanmar Police, Lon Htein, NaSaKa, the Tatmadaw and local authorities during the June 2012 violence. Rohingya testimony and independent investigations documented shootings, discriminatory arrests, village raids, alleged cooperation with Rakhine attacke…
Open in Rohipedia →In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim vio…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines Ashin Wirathu's emergence as the most visible figure of the 969 movement and the wider monastic networks that enabled the movement to spread across Myanmar. It documents his earlier anti-Muslim activism, imprisonment, position at Masoeyein Monastery, and the roles of other monk…
Open in Rohipedia →… an important material record of the Muslim and Persianate dimensions of fifteenth-century Arakanese political culture.
Open in Rohipedia →…rganisation in northern Arakan from late 2015 and the coordinated attacks of 25 August 2017. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness accounts and independent investigations, it examines allegations of criminal activities, military intelligence awareness, security forces' alleged failure to intervene, the mob…
Open in Rohipedia →…nt emerged from older traditions of Buddhist nationalism and anti-Muslim sentiment but acquired new prominence during Myanmar's political transition and the crisis that followed the 2012 violence in Arakan State. This chapter traces the religious meaning of the 969 symbol, the movement's ideological…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →…gdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the destruction of homes, mosques, schools, agricultural property and entire settlements, including co…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the Great Rohingya Exodus from Arakan to Bangladesh between August and December 2017, when hundreds of thousands fled Myanmar's military campaign. Drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, refugee surveys and contemporary humanitarian documentation, it reconstructs th…
Open in Rohipedia →…d large numbers were living in camps with no clear path of return. This concluding chapter examines how 2012 transformed the social, economic and geographical position of the Rohingya and left them entering 2013 increasingly displaced, segregated, stateless and dependent on humanitarian assistance.
Open in Rohipedia →Following the attacks of 9 October 2016, Myanmar's military launched clearance operations in Rohingya-inhabited areas of northern Arakan. This chapter examines the deployment of security forces, military command structures, village encirclement, coercive searches and the extension of military author…
Open in Rohipedia →…nal planning behind Myanmar's 2017 campaign against Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, military documentation and international investigations, it identifies senior commanders, the roles of the 33rd and 99th Light Infantry Divisions, Western Command, M…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how Rohingya households encountered rejected identity answers, interrupted interviews and pressure during the 2014 census. Community testimony, journalistic reporting and independent observers show how residents willing to identify as Rohingya were left uncounted.
Open in Rohipedia →…Malaysia in 2015, Rohingya organisations’ responses, and the investigations that followed. Examines earlier official knowledge of Wang Kelian, damaged evidence, delayed exhumations and threats against investigators and Rohingya witnesses.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Myanmar’s November 2015 election from the Rohingya perspective, documenting exclusion on election day, community protests, the parliamentary results and the hope and scepticism expressed by Rohingya residents and organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →…s during Myanmar's military operations in northern Arakan between October and December 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and investigations by the United Nations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, it examines the targeting of women, children and elderly residents, the destruction of fa…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Rohingya challenges to claims of voluntary “Bengali” classification, ARNO’s demands for correction, international conference advocacy and a joint response by eight Rohingya organizations, including Rohingya Community in Norway.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the transfer of power to Myanmar’s NLD-led government in early 2016 through Rohingya demands for recognition, dialogue, protection and restored rights. Documents continuing restrictions, Shwe Maung’s testimony and joint Rohingya organisational responses to the government’s first decisions.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the 2013 attacks on Muslim communities in Meiktila, Bago Region, Okkan, Lashio, Kanbalu and Thandwe. Drawing on survivor testimony, satellite evidence and human-rights investigations, it documents civilian killings, destruction, displacement, failures of protection and evidence linking nati…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the military operations of October 2016, Myanmar authorities severely restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists and…
Open in Rohipedia →…d the reported destruction of human remains. Particular attention is given to named Rohingya witnesses, family losses and community documentation of the death toll, including estimates exceeding 1,600 victims, while distinguishing these estimates from independently documented killings. The chapter e…
Open in Rohipedia →…documents the flight of tens of thousands of Rohingya from northern Arakan into Bangladesh following Myanmar's military operations of October 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and contemporary international investigations, it examines dangerous border crossings, Bangladeshi pushbacks, family separ…
Open in Rohipedia →This concluding chapter of Part 18 examines the international investigations, Myanmar's official denials and the failure to establish accountability following the 2016 military operations against the Rohingya. It analyses the government's investigative commissions, the United Nations Human Rights Co…
Open in Rohipedia →…r investigates the Gu Dar Pyin massacre of 27–28 August 2017 in Buthidaung Township, Arakan, drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, survivor-recorded videos and community documentation. It examines the killing and disappearance of civilians, the discovery of at least five suspected mass…
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