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60 relevant results for Arakan Yoma
Arakan Geography
Open in Rohipedia →Kaladan River of Arakan
The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful pl…
Open in Rohipedia →Olod Arakan
The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan — Geography
Arakan is a coastal region situated along the eastern shore of the Bay of Bengal in western Myanmar. Its geography is defined by a long coastline, river valleys, islands, coastal plains and the Arakan Yoma, also known as the Rakhine Yoma, which forms a major mountain barrier between the coastal regi…
Open in Rohipedia →Meng Khari / Min Khayi / Ali Khan
…nd by the Muslim/Persianate royal name Ali Khan, was the second ruler of the Mrauk-U kingdom of Arakan. He succeeded Min Saw Mon in 1433 and consolidated the newly established Mrauk-U kingdom during a reign lasting until 1459.
Open in Rohipedia →Origins and Historical Formation of the Rohingya
A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Religion among the Rohingya
An overview of Islam among the Rohingya, including its historical development in Arakan, Sunni and Hanafi traditions, mosques, religious education, religious leadership, family practices and the role of religion in Rohingya community life.
Open in Rohipedia →9-12 June 2012: Violence Spreads Across Northern Arakan
…n Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictions on movement and increasingly extensive security op…
Open in Rohipedia →A Muslim North and Buddhist South: The Territorial Transformation of Arakan
Open in Rohipedia →Anti-Muslim Violence Beyond Akyab: Maungdaw and Northern Arakan, 2001
In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim viol…
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan on the Eve of the 1942 Massacres
An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catast…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. Flight from Arakan and the Routes to Southeast Asia
Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 5. Early Armed Mobilisation in Arakan towards the End of 2015
Examines Harakah al-Yaqin’s developing organisation in northern Arakan around the end of 2015, alongside Rohingya accounts of intimidation and official nonintervention. Distinguishes published research, contributor-supplied testimony and allegations of military collaboration.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 5. The Siege of Northern Arakan: Humanitarian Restrictions and Information Control
…y restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists and international monitors obstructed independent scrutiny of reported abuses. Th…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 8. Other Documented Massacres Across Northern Arakan, August–September 2017
…pter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in Maungdaw.…
Open in Rohipedia →Flight to Northern Arakan and Bengal: Refugees, Survival and Rohingya Accounts of the Death Toll
Open in Rohipedia →New Evidence Reveals Destruction and Seizure of Rohingya Villages Under Arakan Army Control
Open in Rohipedia →Part 17. The 2015 Election, Rohingya Political Exclusion and the Beginnings of Armed Mobilisation in Arakan
2015-election-rohingya-political-exclusion-armed-mobilisation-arakan
Open in Rohipedia →Part 17. The 2015 Election, Rohingya Political Exclusion and the Beginnings of Armed Mobilisation in Arakan Chapter 1. The Withdrawal of Voting Rights bef
Examines how the invalidation of white cards, constitutional rulings and election-law amendments excluded hundreds of thousands of Rohingya from Myanmar’s 2015 election. Documents Rohingya objections, community experiences and international warnings.
Open in Rohipedia →Part 18: The October 2016 Military Operations and the Escalation of Rohingya Persecution in Northern Arakan
Open in Rohipedia →Retaliatory Violence in Northern Arakan and the Deepening Communal Divide:
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya and Arakan-28 September 2026
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya Refugee Hamid Hossain Injured by Landmine in Arakan Army-Controlled Border Territory
Open in Rohipedia →The 2006 Closure and Destruction of Rohingya Mosques in Northern Arakan
… NaSaKa authorities intensified restrictions on Rohingya religious institutions across northern Arakan. Mosques, madrassas and Qur'an-recitation centres were ordered closed, while documented cases in Buthidaung and Maungdaw involved Rohingya congregations being compelled to destroy their own mosques…
Open in Rohipedia →The Destruction of Muslim Communities in Central Arakan:
Open in Rohipedia →The Operation Reaches Arakan: Arrests, Violence and Terror — A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of the implementation of Operation Nagamin in Rohingya communities of northern Arakan in 1978, including citizenship inspections, arrests, intimidation, reported killings and sexual violence, document-related abuses and the spreading fear that drove large numbers of Rohingya toward Ba…
Open in Rohipedia →The Rohingyas of Arakan: Their Quest for Justice
A book by A. F. K. Jilani examining Rohingya history, identity and the struggle for justice in Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan
Open in Rohipedia →3 June 2012: The Taungup Killing of Ten Muslim Travellers
…llers were pulled from a passenger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier criminal case in Ramree. Contemporary…
Open in Rohipedia →28 May 2012: The Killing of Thida Htwe and the Contested Trigger of the 2012 Violence
…to deadly violence, mass displacement of hundred of Rohingyas and widespread destruction across Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →8 June 2012: The Outbreak of Large-Scale Violence in Maungdaw
On 8 June 2012, violence erupted in Maungdaw after Friday prayers amid intense anger over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence ag…
Open in Rohipedia →Ashin Wirathu and the Monks Behind 969
This chapter examines Ashin Wirathu's emergence as the most visible figure of the 969 movement and the wider monastic networks that enabled the movement to spread across Myanmar. It documents his earlier anti-Muslim activism, imprisonment, position at Masoeyein Monastery, and the roles of other mon…
Open in Rohipedia →Ata Ullah: ARSA Leadership, Violence Against Rohingya and Allegations of Military Collaboration
A profile of Ata Ullah, leader of the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), examining his background, armed mobilisation, documented abuses against Rohingya refugees and arrest in Bangladesh. It considers allegations of military collaboration, overseas funding and criminal networks. The article cen…
Open in Rohipedia →Ba Saw Phyu / Kalima Shah
…Muslim/Persianate royal tradition as Kalima Shah, was the third ruler of the Mrauk-U dynasty of Arakan, reigning from 1459 to 1482. His reign is particularly significant for the expansion of Mrauk-U and for coinage bearing the Islamic kalima, an important material record of the Muslim and Persianate…
Open in Rohipedia →Burma's Claim of Illegal Immigration versus the Documentary Evidence: A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identif…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. 25 August 2017: The Exaggeration of ARSA's Attacks by Ata Ullah and Myanmar's Military
This chapter investigates the emergence of Ata Ullah's armed organisation in northern Arakan from late 2015 and the coordinated attacks of 25 August 2017. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness accounts and independent investigations, it examines allegations of criminal activities, military intelligence awa…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. Origins of the 969 Movement
…minence during Myanmar's political transition and the crisis that followed the 2012 violence in Arakan State. This chapter traces the religious meaning of the 969 symbol, the movement's ideological roots, the growth of monastic nationalist networks, and the transformation of the Rohingya crisis into…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. Preparations and Assurances of Self-Identification
Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. The 9 October 2016 Border Police Attacks: Rohingya Concerns, Armed-Group Leadership and the Political Consequences
This chapter examines the 9 October 2016 attacks on Myanmar border police posts, the emergence of Harakah al-Yaqin under Ata Ullah, and the concerns raised by Rohingya critics about the timing and consequences of the operation. Particular attention is given to the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission, My…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 10. The Burning of Rohingya Villages and the Destruction of Their Homeland
This chapter documents the widespread burning and destruction of Rohingya villages across Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the des…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 11. The Great Exodus: Flight to Bangladesh, August–December 2017
This chapter examines the Great Rohingya Exodus from Arakan to Bangladesh between August and December 2017, when hundreds of thousands fled Myanmar's military campaign. Drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, refugee surveys and contemporary humanitarian documentation, it reconstructs th…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 12. Camps, Segregation and the Destruction of Rohingya Freedom After 2012
After the October 2012 attacks, the surviving Rohingya of Sittwe and surrounding areas were packed into dozens of barbed-wire camps on the town’s outskirts. Roughly 75,000 Rohingya had lived in Sittwe before 2012; within weeks most were displaced into **caged IDP camps**. Tens of thousands more fle…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 12. Refugee Testimonies and the Documentation of Genocide
This chapter examines how Rohingya survivors and community researchers preserved evidence of the 2017 genocide following their displacement to Bangladesh. Drawing on Rohingya-led documentation, refugee surveys, medical investigations, eyewitness interviews and international fact-finding reports, it…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 13. The End of 2012: A Rohingya Society Transformed
By the end of 2012, approximately 140,000 people had been displaced by the violence in Arakan State, overwhelmingly Rohingya and other Muslims. For the Rohingya, the consequences extended far beyond physical displacement: established communities had been destroyed or emptied, access to homes, land, …
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 2. Nationalist Pressure and the Government’s Reversal
Examines the March 2014 campaign against recording Rohingya identity, attacks on humanitarian organizations in Sittwe, and the government’s decision to exclude households identifying as Rohingya from the census.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 2. The Exclusion of Rohingya Candidates and Political Representation
Examines the exclusion of Rohingya candidates before Myanmar’s 2015 election, including disputed citizenship findings, inadequate appeals, pressure on Rohingya political parties and contemporary responses from Rohingya organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 2. The Launch of Myanmar's Military Clearance Operations: From Border Security to the Encirclement of Rohingya Villages
… 2016, Myanmar's military launched clearance operations in Rohingya-inhabited areas of northern Arakan. This chapter examines the deployment of security forces, military command structures, village encirclement, coercive searches and the extension of military authority over civilian communities. Dra…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 2. The Military's Prepared Campaign: Command Structure, Deployments and Operational Planning
…nd operational planning behind Myanmar's 2017 campaign against Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, military documentation and international investigations, it identifies senior commanders, the roles of the 33rd and 99th Light Infantry Divisions, Western…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. Enumeration: Accept “Bengali” or Remain Uncounted
Documents how Rohingya households encountered rejected identity answers, interrupted interviews and pressure during the 2014 census. Community testimony, journalistic reporting and independent observers show how residents willing to identify as Rohingya were left uncounted.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. The Destruction of Rohingya Villages in Maungdaw, October–November 2016
Between October and November 2016, Myanmar military operations devastated Rohingya villages across Maungdaw Township. Satellite investigations documented at least 1,500 destroyed buildings, while Rohingya survivors described soldiers burning homes, destroying markets, looting property and attacking…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. The Discovery of Trafficking Camps and Mass Graves
Documents the discovery of trafficking camps and graves in southern Thailand and Malaysia in 2015, Rohingya organisations’ responses, and the investigations that followed. Examines earlier official knowledge of Wang Kelian, damaged evidence, delayed exhumations and threats against investigators and…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. The First Days of Mass Violence, 25–29 August 2017
This chapter reconstructs the first five days of Myanmar's military campaign against Rohingya communities, from 25 to 29 August 2017, through a village-by-village chronology of attacks in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, contemporary community…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. The November 2015 Election and Rohingya Responses
Examines Myanmar’s November 2015 election from the Rohingya perspective, documenting exclusion on election day, community protests, the parliamentary results and the hope and scepticism expressed by Rohingya residents and organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. Abandoned at Sea: The May 2015 Crisis
Reconstructs the May 2015 emergency through Rohingya survivor accounts, contemporary appeals and eyewitness reporting. Documents abandonment, boat turnbacks, deaths at sea, passengers’ efforts to help one another and rescues by Acehnese fishermen.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. Killings, Sexual Violence, Arbitrary Arrests and Disappearances During the 2016 Military Operations
…pearances committed against Rohingya civilians during Myanmar's military operations in northern Arakan between October and December 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and investigations by the United Nations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, it examines the targeting of women, children…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. Rohingya Resistance and Organizational Responses
Examines Rohingya challenges to claims of voluntary “Bengali” classification, ARNO’s demands for correction, international conference advocacy and a joint response by eight Rohingya organizations, including Rohingya Community in Norway.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. The Chut Pyin Massacre, Rathedaung Township, 27 August 2017
…his chapter documents the Chut Pyin massacre of 27 August 2017 in Rathedaung Township, northern Arakan, through Rohingya survivor testimony, forensic medical examinations and independent investigations. It examines the killing and disappearance of villagers, sexual violence against women and girls, …
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. The Political Transition and Rohingya Expectations
Examines the transfer of power to Myanmar’s NLD-led government in early 2016 through Rohingya demands for recognition, dialogue, protection and restored rights. Documents continuing restrictions, Shwe Maung’s testimony and joint Rohingya organisational responses to the government’s first decisions.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. The “Buy Buddhist” Campaign and Economic Boycott of Muslims
…for Rohingya communities already facing restrictions on work, movement and access to markets in Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →