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Olod Arakan
The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan — Geography
…rn shore of the Bay of Bengal in western Myanmar. Its geography is defined by a long coastline, river valleys, islands, coastal plains and the Arakan Yoma, also known as the Rakhine Yoma, which forms a major mountain barrier between the coastal region and the interior of Myanmar. To the west, Arakan…
Open in Rohipedia →Kaladan River of Arakan
The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful pl…
Open in Rohipedia →9-12 June 2012: Violence Spreads Across Northern Arakan
From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restrictio…
Open in Rohipedia →Anwar Ibrahim: From Political Prisoner to Cooperation with Min Aung Hlaing Over Rohingya Returns
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan After Indipedence
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan on the Eve of the 1942 Massacres
An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catas…
Open in Rohipedia →Ba Saw Phyu / Kalima Shah
Ba Saw Phyu, also known in the Muslim/Persianate royal tradition as Kalima Shah, was the third ruler of the Mrauk-U dynasty of Arakan, reigning from 1459 to 1482. His reign is particularly significant for the expansion of Mrauk-U and for coinage bearing the Islamic kalima, an important material rec…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 11. The Great Exodus: Flight to Bangladesh, August–December 2017
…onstructs the journeys from Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung, dangerous crossings of the Naf River and Bay of Bengal, deaths during flight and the separation of families. It further documents the rapid expansion of Kutupalong–Balukhali and other refugee settlements in Cox's Bazar, the humanitaria…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. The First Days of Mass Violence, 25–29 August 2017
This chapter reconstructs the first five days of Myanmar's military campaign against Rohingya communities, from 25 to 29 August 2017, through a village-by-village chronology of attacks in Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, contemporary community…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 5. The Tula Toli (Min Gyi) Massacre, 30 August 2017
…s and satellite evidence. It reconstructs the systematic killing of civilians trapped along the riverbank, sexual violence against women and girls, the murder of children, the burning of houses containing victims and the reported destruction of human remains. Particular attention is given to named R…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 6. The Flight to Bangladesh: Rohingya Refugees and Survivor Testimonies
Chapter 6 documents the flight of tens of thousands of Rohingya from northern Arakan into Bangladesh following Myanmar's military operations of October 2016. Drawing on survivor testimony and contemporary international investigations, it examines dangerous border crossings, Bangladeshi pushbacks, f…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 8. Other Documented Massacres Across Northern Arakan, August–September 2017
This chapter examines other documented massacres and attacks against Rohingya civilians across northern Arakan during August–September 2017, focusing on Maung Nu and Hpaung Taw Pyin in Buthidaung Township, Chein Kar Li and Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung Township, and additional affected communities in …
Open in Rohipedia →Deaths, Destruction and Displacement: Establishing the June 2012 Record
This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing a…
Open in Rohipedia →Flight to Northern Arakan and Bengal: Refugees, Survival and Rohingya Accounts of the Death Toll
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt and the Institutional Persecution of the Rohingya
General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model vill…
Open in Rohipedia →Genocide of the Rohingya. Part I
An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →Japanese Occupation, Muslim Resistance and V Force:
Open in Rohipedia →Kyauktaw Market and Kaladan Bridge Airstrike, 28 September 2026
A Myanmar military airstrike struck the India Market and Kissapanadi Bridge area in Kyauktaw, Arakan, on 28 September 2026, killing at least 33 people and injuring 36. Rohingya community sources reported substantially higher casualties, but those figures remain under verification.
Open in Rohipedia →Mayu Frontier Administration
Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →Meng Khari / Min Khayi / Ali Khan
Meng Khari, also known as Min Khayi and by the Muslim/Persianate royal name Ali Khan, was the second ruler of the Mrauk-U kingdom of Arakan. He succeeded Min Saw Mon in 1433 and consolidated the newly established Mrauk-U kingdom during a reign lasting until 1459.
Open in Rohipedia →Narameikhla / Min Saw Mon / Solaiman Shah
Narameikhla, better known as Min Saw Mon and in Muslim/Persianate historical tradition as Solaiman Shah, was the founder of the Mrauk-U dynasty and one of the most consequential rulers in the history of Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →New Evidence Reveals Destruction and Seizure of Rohingya Villages Under Arakan Army Control
Open in Rohipedia →October 2012: The Second Wave of Organized Violence
In late October 2012, a second and geographically wider wave of violence struck Rohingya and other Muslim communities across Arakan. Attacks affected nine townships, including Mrauk-U, Minbya, Myebon, Pauktaw, Kyaukphyu, Ramree, Kyauktaw and Rathedaung. Rohingya testimony described large armed grou…
Open in Rohipedia →Origins and Historical Formation of the Rohingya
A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Refugee Camps in Bangladesh: Abid Bahar's Eyewitness Research and Rohingya Testimony-1978
An examination of the conditions faced by Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh after the 1978 Nagamin exodus, including overcrowding, hunger, disease and pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohi…
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya and Arakan-28 September 2026
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya Refugee Hamid Hossain Injured by Landmine in Arakan Army-Controlled Border Territory
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya Testimony: Citizens Branded as Illegal Immigrants — Operation Nagamin, 1978
An examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with indepe…
Open in Rohipedia →The 1978 Exodus: More Than 200,000 Rohingya Flee to Bangladesh
An examination of the mass Rohingya exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its sig…
Open in Rohipedia →The 1982 Citizenship Law and Institutionalized Statelessness - Part VI:Land, Property and the Economic Consequences of Statelessness
Open in Rohipedia →The Burning of Buthidaung and Mass Displacement of Rohingya, April–May 2024
Open in Rohipedia →The Destruction of Muslim Communities in Central Arakan:
Open in Rohipedia →The Operation Reaches Arakan: Arrests, Violence and Terror — A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of the implementation of Operation Nagamin in Rohingya communities of northern Arakan in 1978, including citizenship inspections, arrests, intimidation, reported killings and sexual violence, document-related abuses and the spreading fear that drove large numbers of Rohingya toward B…
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