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An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identifi…
Open in Rohipedia →The year 2012 marked a decisive escalation in the persecution of the Rohingya, transforming decades of exclusion and anti-Rohingya mobilization into mass violence, destruction and displacement. Rohingya sources maintain that the violence was not spontaneous but developed from a longer campaign by R…
Open in Rohipedia →In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim vio…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catas…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the 9 October 2016 attacks on Myanmar border police posts, the emergence of Harakah al-Yaqin under Ata Ullah, and the concerns raised by Rohingya critics about the timing and consequences of the operation. Particular attention is given to the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission, My…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the March 2014 campaign against recording Rohingya identity, attacks on humanitarian organizations in Sittwe, and the government’s decision to exclude households identifying as Rohingya from the census.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the exclusion of Rohingya candidates before Myanmar’s 2015 election, including disputed citizenship findings, inadequate appeals, pressure on Rohingya political parties and contemporary responses from Rohingya organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Documents the discovery of trafficking camps and graves in southern Thailand and Malaysia in 2015, Rohingya organisations’ responses, and the investigations that followed. Examines earlier official knowledge of Wang Kelian, damaged evidence, delayed exhumations and threats against investigators and…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Myanmar’s November 2015 election from the Rohingya perspective, documenting exclusion on election day, community protests, the parliamentary results and the hope and scepticism expressed by Rohingya residents and organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines Rohingya challenges to claims of voluntary “Bengali” classification, ARNO’s demands for correction, international conference advocacy and a joint response by eight Rohingya organizations, including Rohingya Community in Norway.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines international funding and endorsement of Myanmar’s 2014 census, diplomatic objections to Rohingya exclusion, demands for withdrawal and an inquiry, and subsequent assessments of UNFPA and donor responsibility.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the transition from 969 to Ma Ba Tha, its campaign for the four “race and religion protection” laws, and its influence on the 2015 election and Rohingya political exclusion. It also documents opposition from Rohingya and women’s rights organizations and the movement’s reorganization after …
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, co…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic secur…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the origins of Operation Nagamin (Dragon King) in 1978 and the transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registrat…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model vill…
Open in Rohipedia →…ng major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2016–2017. The article also explains the distinction between the longer history of persecution …
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the 1978–1979 repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh following Operation Nagamin. The article examines international pressure, the 9 July 1978 agreement, UNHCR involvement, deteriorating camp conditions, hunger and deaths, pressure on refugees to return, and whether rep…
Open in Rohipedia →The Kaladan is one of Arakan's principal river systems, connecting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful p…
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces…
Open in Rohipedia →The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines how the invalidation of white cards, constitutional rulings and election-law amendments excluded hundreds of thousands of Rohingya from Myanmar’s 2015 election. Documents Rohingya objections, community experiences and international warnings.
Open in Rohipedia →Myanmar's political opening beginning in 2011 expanded political organization, media activity and ethnic nationalist mobilization in Arakan. During this period, anti-Rohingya narratives portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increas…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines how the 969 movement spread anti-Muslim nationalism through religious sermons, Buddhist symbolism, stickers, pamphlets, recorded speeches, DVDs and social media. It documents how narratives portraying Muslims as a demographic, religious and cultural threat were repeatedly circ…
Open in Rohipedia →…fter the 1978 Nagamin exodus, including overcrowding, hunger, disease and pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohingya testimony alongside contemporary UNHCR and later human-rights documenta…
Open in Rohipedia →Summary Myanmar's 7 November 2010 general election marked one of the last major periods of formal Rohingya political participation. Rohingya voted, contested constituencies through several parties and won seats in Union and Rakhine State legislatures despite continuing citizenship insecurity and di…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with indepe…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines separately the conduct of Myanmar Police, Lon Htein, NaSaKa, the Tatmadaw and local authorities during the June 2012 violence. Rohingya testimony and independent investigations documented shootings, discriminatory arrests, village raids, alleged cooperation with Rakhine attack…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the mass Rohingya exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its sig…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination from the Rohingya perspective of Burma's 1982 Citizenship Law and its role in transforming decades of political exclusion into a more durable system of legal statelessness. The article examines the national-races framework, the 1823 ancestry threshold, citizenship categories, Rohingya…
Open in Rohipedia →In 2006, NaSaKa authorities intensified restrictions on Rohingya religious institutions across northern Arakan. Mosques, madrassas and Qur'an-recitation centres were ordered closed, while documented cases in Buthidaung and Maungdaw involved Rohingya congregations being compelled to destroy their ow…
Open in Rohipedia →During the 2008–2009 sailing season, thousands of Rohingya fled persecution, statelessness and severe restrictions in Myanmar by taking dangerous sea routes toward Thailand and Malaysia. The crisis drew international attention after survivors alleged that Thai security forces detained Rohingya pass…
Open in Rohipedia →In January 2005, several days of Muslim-Buddhist communal violence occurred in Kyaukphyu, central Arakan. Contemporary reporting documented the deaths of two Muslims and severe injury of a Buddhist monk, against a wider background of anti-Muslim discrimination, movement restrictions and expanding a…
Open in Rohipedia →The concluding article of the 1978 Operation Nagamin series examines its lasting consequences for the Rohingya: mass expulsion, weakened citizenship security, documentary vulnerability, the survival of the illegal-immigrant narrative and repatriation without restoration of political rights. It trac…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the implementation of Operation Nagamin in Rohingya communities of northern Arakan in 1978, including citizenship inspections, arrests, intimidation, reported killings and sexual violence, document-related abuses and the spreading fear that drove large numbers of Rohingya toward B…
Open in Rohipedia →…independence activist, politician and writer who became the first Prime Minister of independent Burma. His government established the Mayu Frontier Administration in northern Arakan in 1961.
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