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An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces …
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic securi…
Open in Rohipedia →General Khin Nyunt became one of the most powerful figures in Myanmar's military-security establishment between 1988 and 2004. This article examines his rise through Military Intelligence and SLORC/SPDC, the transformation of northern Arakan through militarisation, NaSaKa, forced labour, model villa…
Open in Rohipedia →…ole in transforming decades of political exclusion into a more durable system of legal statelessness. The article examines the national-races framework, the 1823 ancestry threshold, citizenship categories, Rohingya NRC documentation, Ne Win's justification for the law and the consequences for a comm…
Open in Rohipedia →…ed illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identified as illegal immigrants, and Burma's subsequent acceptance o…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, com…
Open in Rohipedia →… transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registration Certificates, and the political vulnerability that preceded the mass exodus t…
Open in Rohipedia →An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the 1978–1979 repatriation of Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh following Operation Nagamin. The article examines international pressure, the 9 July 1978 agreement, UNHCR involvement, deteriorating camp conditions, hunger and deaths, pressure on refugees to return, and whether repa…
Open in Rohipedia →Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →A historical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →…examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with independen…
Open in Rohipedia →An examination of the mass Rohingya exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its sig…
Open in Rohipedia →The concluding article of the 1978 Operation Nagamin series examines its lasting consequences for the Rohingya: mass expulsion, weakened citizenship security, documentary vulnerability, the survival of the illegal-immigrant narrative and repatriation without restoration of political rights. It trace…
Open in Rohipedia →On 3 June 2012, ten Muslim travellers were pulled from a passenger bus and killed by a large Rakhine crowd in Taungup, southern Arakan. Most were documented Myanmar Muslims from outside Arakan who had travelled to Thandwe for religious purposes and had no demonstrated connection to the earlier crimi…
Open in Rohipedia →On 8 June 2012, violence erupted in Maungdaw after Friday prayers amid intense anger over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence aga…
Open in Rohipedia →From 9–12 June 2012, the violence that had erupted in Maungdaw expanded into Rohingya neighbourhoods, villages and transport routes across northern Arakan. As emergency rule was imposed, Rohingya organisations reported mounting casualties while witnesses described shootings, destruction, restriction…
Open in Rohipedia →Documents how trafficking networks confined Rohingya aboard vessels, in border camps and in holding houses, using violence and telephone calls to extract ransom from relatives. Survivor accounts reveal abduction, deprivation, sexual exploitation and failures of official protection.
Open in Rohipedia →…ructs the May 2015 emergency through Rohingya survivor accounts, contemporary appeals and eyewitness reporting. Documents abandonment, boat turnbacks, deaths at sea, passengers’ efforts to help one another and rescues by Acehnese fishermen.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the contested human and physical toll of the June 2012 violence, comparing government statistics with Rohingya organisational estimates, international investigations and humanitarian documentation. Rohingya organisations reported substantially higher numbers of dead, missing an…
Open in Rohipedia →Following the 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into a system of segregation and confinement. This chapter examines President Thein Sein's July 2012 proposal to place Rohingya under UNHCR responsibility and seek their transfer to third countries, the parallel demands…
Open in Rohipedia →In June 2012, violence engulfed Akyab/Sittwe, the capital of Arakan State, killing civilians, destroying homes and displacing both Muslim and Rakhine communities. The destruction of Narzi, the city's largest Muslim neighbourhood, became one of the defining episodes of the violence. Thousands of Rohi…
Open in Rohipedia →South African jurist Navanethem “Navi” Pillay has been awarded the 2026 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of her lifelong contributions to international justice, human rights and accountability for mass atrocities. A former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and international criminal …
Open in Rohipedia →…s portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increasingly entered public politics, publications and community networks. This article examines the transition from institutional exclusion toward organized social and political mobilization …
Open in Rohipedia →Following the June 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into an institutionalized system of separation. President Thein Sein proposed placing Rohingya under UNHCR administration or resettling them abroad, while Rakhine nationalist politicians, organizations and some Bud…
Open in Rohipedia →…d pressure to return to Burma. The article gives particular attention to Dr. Abid Bahar's eyewitness research in the Ukhia refugee camps and places Rohingya testimony alongside contemporary UNHCR and later human-rights documentation.
Open in Rohipedia →…f Rohingya, despite continuing war and serious human-rights risks in Myanmar. This article examines the dangers facing Rohingya returnees, including conflict in Arakan, abuses by competing armed forces, forced recruitment, uncertain citizenship and the absence of guarantees for safe return to their …
Open in Rohipedia →Summary Myanmar's 7 November 2010 general election marked one of the last major periods of formal Rohingya political participation. Rohingya voted, contested constituencies through several parties and won seats in Union and Rakhine State legislatures despite continuing citizenship insecurity and dis…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines separately the conduct of Myanmar Police, Lon Htein, NaSaKa, the Tatmadaw and local authorities during the June 2012 violence. Rohingya testimony and independent investigations documented shootings, discriminatory arrests, village raids, alleged cooperation with Rakhine attacke…
Open in Rohipedia →…olence, destruction and displacement. Rohingya sources maintain that the violence was not spontaneous but developed from a longer campaign by Rakhine nationalist and extremist networks, particularly as Rohingya political participation in the 2010 election challenged efforts to portray them simply as…
Open in Rohipedia →In May 2001, anti-Muslim persecution extended into Maungdaw and northern Arakan, where human-rights investigations documented the destruction of mosques and madrassas, restrictions on Muslim movement, and reported involvement of local security authorities. The events demonstrate how anti-Muslim vio…
Open in Rohipedia →…g on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catastrophe.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines Ashin Wirathu's emergence as the most visible figure of the 969 movement and the wider monastic networks that enabled the movement to spread across Myanmar. It documents his earlier anti-Muslim activism, imprisonment, position at Masoeyein Monastery, and the roles of other monk…
Open in Rohipedia →…n Bangladesh. It considers allegations of military collaboration, overseas funding and criminal networks. The article centres Rohingya survivors and the targeting of independent community leadership.
Open in Rohipedia →… an important material record of the Muslim and Persianate dimensions of fifteenth-century Arakanese political culture.
Open in Rohipedia →…rganisation in northern Arakan from late 2015 and the coordinated attacks of 25 August 2017. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness accounts and independent investigations, it examines allegations of criminal activities, military intelligence awareness, security forces' alleged failure to intervene, the mob…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →…nt emerged from older traditions of Buddhist nationalism and anti-Muslim sentiment but acquired new prominence during Myanmar's political transition and the crisis that followed the 2012 violence in Arakan State. This chapter traces the religious meaning of the 969 symbol, the movement's ideological…
Open in Rohipedia →Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the 9 October 2016 attacks on Myanmar border police posts, the emergence of Harakah al-Yaqin under Ata Ullah, and the concerns raised by Rohingya critics about the timing and consequences of the operation. Particular attention is given to the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission, Mya…
Open in Rohipedia →…gdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung Townships during and after Myanmar's 2017 military campaign. Drawing on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, satellite investigations and human rights reports, it examines the destruction of homes, mosques, schools, agricultural property and entire settlements, including co…
Open in Rohipedia →This chapter examines the Great Rohingya Exodus from Arakan to Bangladesh between August and December 2017, when hundreds of thousands fled Myanmar's military campaign. Drawing primarily on Rohingya eyewitness testimony, refugee surveys and contemporary humanitarian documentation, it reconstructs th…
Open in Rohipedia →…re 2012; within weeks most were displaced into **caged IDP camps**. Tens of thousands more fled nearby villages to join them. Conditions in these makeshift camps were dire: malnutrition and illness spiked as aid was minimal and poorly distributed. Armed guards and police erected high fences and chec…
Open in Rohipedia →…d large numbers were living in camps with no clear path of return. This concluding chapter examines how 2012 transformed the social, economic and geographical position of the Rohingya and left them entering 2013 increasingly displaced, segregated, stateless and dependent on humanitarian assistance.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the March 2014 campaign against recording Rohingya identity, attacks on humanitarian organizations in Sittwe, and the government’s decision to exclude households identifying as Rohingya from the census.
Open in Rohipedia →Examines the exclusion of Rohingya candidates before Myanmar’s 2015 election, including disputed citizenship findings, inadequate appeals, pressure on Rohingya political parties and contemporary responses from Rohingya organisations.
Open in Rohipedia →Following the attacks of 9 October 2016, Myanmar's military launched clearance operations in Rohingya-inhabited areas of northern Arakan. This chapter examines the deployment of security forces, military command structures, village encirclement, coercive searches and the extension of military author…
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