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52 relevant results for Bay of Bengal
Arakan Geography
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan on the Eve of the 1942 Massacres
An examination of Arakan immediately before the 1942 massacres from a Rohingya historical perspective, focusing on the wider geographical presence of Muslim communities, colonial-era demographic change, growing communal tensions, and the collapse of British authority that preceded the wartime catas…
Open in Rohipedia →Ba Saw Phyu / Kalima Shah
Ba Saw Phyu, also known in the Muslim/Persianate royal tradition as Kalima Shah, was the third ruler of the Mrauk-U dynasty of Arakan, reigning from 1459 to 1482. His reign is particularly significant for the expansion of Mrauk-U and for coinage bearing the Islamic kalima, an important material rec…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. Flight from Arakan and the Routes to Southeast Asia
Examines why Rohingya left Arakan, the role of family connections in Malaysia, and the coastal, offshore and overland routes used to reach Southeast Asia. Survivor accounts and contemporary reports document the circumstances and arrangements shaping departures before the May 2015 emergency.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 11. The Great Exodus: Flight to Bangladesh, August–December 2017
…the journeys from Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung, dangerous crossings of the Naf River and Bay of Bengal, deaths during flight and the separation of families. It further documents the rapid expansion of Kutupalong–Balukhali and other refugee settlements in Cox's Bazar, the humanitarian emergenc…
Open in Rohipedia →Kaladan River of Arakan
…necting the mountainous interior with Kyauktaw, the central agricultural plains, Sittwe and the Bay of Bengal. For centuries it has supported settlement, rice cultivation, fisheries, navigation and trade. The river also occupies a painful place in Rohingya memory of the 1942 massacres and today form…
Open in Rohipedia →Meng Khari / Min Khayi / Ali Khan
Meng Khari, also known as Min Khayi and by the Muslim/Persianate royal name Ali Khan, was the second ruler of the Mrauk-U kingdom of Arakan. He succeeded Min Saw Mon in 1433 and consolidated the newly established Mrauk-U kingdom during a reign lasting until 1459.
Open in Rohipedia →Narameikhla / Min Saw Mon / Solaiman Shah
Narameikhla, better known as Min Saw Mon and in Muslim/Persianate historical tradition as Solaiman Shah, was the founder of the Mrauk-U dynasty and one of the most consequential rulers in the history of Arakan.
Open in Rohipedia →Olod Arakan
The history of Old Arakan from its early kingdoms to British rule and the Second World War, including the development of its Buddhist and Muslim communities and the historical roots of the Rohingya.
Open in Rohipedia →Origins and Historical Formation of the Rohingya
…orical examination of the origins and formation of the Rohingya, tracing Arakan's position as a Bay of Bengal frontier, early Muslim presence, the Mrauk-U period, colonial transformation, population movements, political organization and the development of modern Rohingya identity.
Open in Rohipedia →Religion among the Rohingya
An overview of Islam among the Rohingya, including its historical development in Arakan, Sunni and Hanafi traditions, mosques, religious education, religious leadership, family practices and the role of religion in Rohingya community life.
Open in Rohipedia →The 1982 Citizenship Law and Institutionalized Statelessness. Part I: Introduction
An examination from the Rohingya perspective of Burma's 1982 Citizenship Law and its role in transforming decades of political exclusion into a more durable system of legal statelessness. The article examines the national-races framework, the 1823 ancestry threshold, citizenship categories, Rohingy…
Open in Rohipedia →The 2009 Rohingya Boat-People Crisis: Persecution, Pushbacks and Deaths at Sea
During the 2008–2009 sailing season, thousands of Rohingya fled persecution, statelessness and severe restrictions in Myanmar by taking dangerous sea routes toward Thailand and Malaysia. The crisis drew international attention after survivors alleged that Thai security forces detained Rohingya pass…
Open in Rohipedia →The 2015 Rohingya Maritime Refugee Crisis - Introduction
Open in Rohipedia →Arakan — Geography
Arakan is a coastal region situated along the eastern shore of the Bay of Bengal in western Myanmar. Its geography is defined by a long coastline, river valleys, islands, coastal plains and the Arakan Yoma, also known as the Rakhine Yoma, which forms a major mountain barrier between the coastal regi…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 3. Enumeration: Accept “Bengali” or Remain Uncounted
Documents how Rohingya households encountered rejected identity answers, interrupted interviews and pressure during the 2014 census. Community testimony, journalistic reporting and independent observers show how residents willing to identify as Rohingya were left uncounted.
Open in Rohipedia →Flight to Northern Arakan and Bengal: Refugees, Survival and Rohingya Accounts of the Death Toll
Open in Rohipedia →28 May 2012: The Killing of Thida Htwe and the Contested Trigger of the 2012 Violence
…itical participation in the 2010 election challenged efforts to portray them simply as foreign “Bengalis.” The immediate crisis began after the 28 May 2012 killing of Thida Htwe in Ramree Township. Authorities accused three Muslim men, but Rohingya organizations and supportive researchers later chal…
Open in Rohipedia →8 June 2012: The Outbreak of Large-Scale Violence in Maungdaw
On 8 June 2012, violence erupted in Maungdaw after Friday prayers amid intense anger over the killing of ten Muslim travellers at Taungup. Rohingya participants allegedly attacked Rakhine civilians and property, while Rohingya witnesses described police and NaSaKa shootings, arrests and violence ag…
Open in Rohipedia →A Muslim North and Buddhist South: The Territorial Transformation of Arakan
Open in Rohipedia →Burma's Claim of Illegal Immigration versus the Documentary Evidence: A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of Burma's claim that Operation Nagamin targeted illegal immigrants and the documentary evidence challenging that narrative. The article examines Rohingya NRCs, citizenship before military rule, refugee testimony, reported document confiscation, the limited numbers officially identif…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 1. Preparations and Assurances of Self-Identification
Examines preparations for Myanmar’s 2014 census, the ethnicity coding system, assurances of self-identification, and concerns raised by Rohingya representatives before enumeration.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 13. The End of 2012: A Rohingya Society Transformed
By the end of 2012, approximately 140,000 people had been displaced by the violence in Arakan State, overwhelmingly Rohingya and other Muslims. For the Rohingya, the consequences extended far beyond physical displacement: established communities had been destroyed or emptied, access to homes, land,…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 2. Nationalist Pressure and the Government’s Reversal
Examines the March 2014 campaign against recording Rohingya identity, attacks on humanitarian organizations in Sittwe, and the government’s decision to exclude households identifying as Rohingya from the census.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. Rohingya Resistance and Organizational Responses
Examines Rohingya challenges to claims of voluntary “Bengali” classification, ARNO’s demands for correction, international conference advocacy and a joint response by eight Rohingya organizations, including Rohingya Community in Norway.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 4. The Political Transition and Rohingya Expectations
Examines the transfer of power to Myanmar’s NLD-led government in early 2016 through Rohingya demands for recognition, dialogue, protection and restored rights. Documents continuing restrictions, Shwe Maung’s testimony and joint Rohingya organisational responses to the government’s first decisions.
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 5. The Siege of Northern Arakan: Humanitarian Restrictions and Information Control
Following the military operations of October 2016, Myanmar authorities severely restricted humanitarian assistance and independent access to Rohingya communities in northern Arakan. Food distributions, medical treatment and nutritional programmes were disrupted, while restrictions on journalists an…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 6. After Disembarkation: Protection, Accountability and Unresolved Displacement
Documents Rohingya survivors’ lives after the 2015 maritime crisis, including shelter conditions, confinement, family separation and reunification efforts. Examines prolonged detention, barriers to reporting abuse and unresolved displacement through survivor accounts and Rohingya organisations’ inv…
Open in Rohipedia →Chapter 6. Results and Consequences of Exclusion
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Chan: Historical Revisionism and Anti-Rohingya Political Discourse
Dr. Aye Chan is a Rakhine historian whose writings on colonial migration and Rohingya identity became influential in Rakhine nationalist discourse. This article examines his academic background, the reported history of his family, his “Muslim Enclave” thesis, the 2005 publication Influx Viruses, co…
Open in Rohipedia →Dr. Aye Maung, Rakhine Nationalism and the Political Exclusion of the Rohingya
Dr. Aye Maung emerged as one of the most influential Rakhine nationalist politicians during Myanmar's political transition. As leader of the RNDP and later a prominent ANP figure, he rejected recognition of Rohingya identity, framed their presence through citizenship, immigration, demographic secur…
Open in Rohipedia →From Citizenship Scrutiny to Operation Nagamin (Dragon King): A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of the origins of Operation Nagamin (Dragon King) in 1978 and the transformation of citizenship scrutiny into mass persecution of the Rohingya. The article examines identity documentation, the state's allegation of illegal immigration, Rohingya testimony concerning National Registrat…
Open in Rohipedia →Genocide of the Rohingya. Part I
An introduction to the historical processes that preceded the genocide of the Rohingya, tracing major developments from the communal violence and displacement of 1942 through parliamentary Burma, military rule, citizenship exclusion, repeated refugee crises, segregation and the mass atrocities of 2…
Open in Rohipedia →Japanese Occupation, Muslim Resistance and V Force:
Open in Rohipedia →Mayu Frontier Administration
Established in 1961, the Mayu Frontier Administration separately governed Maungdaw, Buthidaung and western Rathedaung in northern Arakan. It remains an important period in Rohingya political history before its abolition under Ne Win's military government in 1964.
Open in Rohipedia →Ne Win's Coup and the Beginning of Military Rule: The Progressive Loss of Rohingya Rights
An examination from the Rohingya perspective of the transformation that followed General Ne Win's 1962 military coup, when parliamentary representation, government participation, the Mayu Frontier Administration and other forms of public recognition were progressively dismantled. The article traces…
Open in Rohipedia →Part 15. The 2014 Census and the Exclusion of Rohingya Identity
Open in Rohipedia →Political Liberalization, Rakhine Nationalism and the Growth of Organized Anti-Rohingya Mobilization, 2011–Early 2012
…on in Arakan. During this period, anti-Rohingya narratives portraying the community as foreign “Bengalis,” a demographic threat and a danger to the Rakhine homeland increasingly entered public politics, publications and community networks. This article examines the transition from institutional excl…
Open in Rohipedia →Political Mobilization and the Institutionalization of Separation, June–September 2012
Following the June 2012 violence, the displacement of Rohingya increasingly developed into an institutionalized system of separation. President Thein Sein proposed placing Rohingya under UNHCR administration or resettling them abroad, while Rakhine nationalist politicians, organizations and some Bu…
Open in Rohipedia →Propaganda, Sermons and the 969 Symbol
This chapter examines how the 969 movement spread anti-Muslim nationalism through religious sermons, Buddhist symbolism, stickers, pamphlets, recorded speeches, DVDs and social media. It documents how narratives portraying Muslims as a demographic, religious and cultural threat were repeatedly circ…
Open in Rohipedia →Retaliatory Violence in Northern Arakan and the Deepening Communal Divide:
Open in Rohipedia →Rohingya Testimony: Citizens Branded as Illegal Immigrants — Operation Nagamin, 1978
An examination of Rohingya testimony from the 1978 Nagamin crisis, focusing on refugees who maintained that they were Burmese citizens and produced National Registration Certificates and other documents while being portrayed as illegal immigrants. The article compares Rohingya testimony with indepe…
Open in Rohipedia →The 1978 Exodus: More Than 200,000 Rohingya Flee to Bangladesh
An examination of the mass Rohingya exodus produced during Operation Nagamin in 1978, when more than 200,000 people fled Arakan for Bangladesh. The article traces the flight across the frontier, loss of homes and property, creation of refugee camps, competing explanations for the exodus and its sig…
Open in Rohipedia →The 1982 Citizenship Law and Institutionalized Statelessness - Part VII:Conclusion: From Citizenship Exclusion to Genocidal Vulnerability
Open in Rohipedia →The 1982 Citizenship Law and Institutionalized Statelessness | Part II. The 1982 Citizenship Law: The Legal Foundation of Rohingya Statelessness
Open in Rohipedia →The 1982 Citizenship Law and Institutionalized Statelessness | Part III. The 1983 Census and the Exclusion of Rohingya Identity
Open in Rohipedia →The Collapse of British Rule and the Beginning of the 1942 Massacres
Open in Rohipedia →The Destruction of Muslim Communities in Central Arakan:
Open in Rohipedia →The Kofi Annan Commission: Rohingya Rights, Unfulfilled Recommendations and the Failure of Protection
An examination of the Kofi Annan-led Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, its recommendations on citizenship, freedom of movement and displacement, and its limitations concerning Rohingya representation and accountability. The article considers the failure to translate these recommendations into p…
Open in Rohipedia →The Legacy of 1942 in Rohingya Political Consciousness: From Massacre to a Long History of Persecution
Open in Rohipedia →The Operation Reaches Arakan: Arrests, Violence and Terror — A Rohingya Perspective
An examination of the implementation of Operation Nagamin in Rohingya communities of northern Arakan in 1978, including citizenship inspections, arrests, intimidation, reported killings and sexual violence, document-related abuses and the spreading fear that drove large numbers of Rohingya toward B…
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